Specialized plant cells regain stem-cell features to heal wounds

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Time lapse of long-term imaging (24 hours) of an Arabidopsis root tip at the vertical stage confocal microscope in vivo. Long-term imaging allows for following each single cell after wounding and identifying the cells involved in the regulation of wound healing. Eliminated cells (white patches) trigger restorative divisions in a very coordinated manner within different cell types during the regular vertical growth of the root. © IST Austria/Lukas Hörmayer

If plants are injured, cells adjacent to the wound fill the gaps with their daughter cells. However, which cells divide to do the healing and how they manage to produce cells that match the cell type of the missing tissue has been unclear. Scientists from the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) have now shown that to correctly replace dead cells, neighbors to the inside of the wound re-activate their stem cell programs.  

All plant organs—from the leaves to the root—regularly endure injuries to their tissue, be it due to mechanical forces, grazing animals, or other factors. While animals rely on specialized migrating cells for wound healing, plants, whose cells are immobile, had to evolve other mechanisms: It has been known for almost a century that in plants, cells adjacent to the wound replace harmed tissue with new daughter cells. Yet, a completely new aspect of plant wound healing in the sensitive root tip has only been discovered now:  The research team around first authors Petra Marhava, former PhD student at IST Austria, current PhD student Lukas Hörmayer, and former IST postdoc Saiko Yoshida—all three of them in the group of Jiří Friml—has found out that injured or destroyed root cells are not simply replaced by a proliferation of healthy cells from the same cell type above and below to the wound. Instead, specifically the cells adjacent to the inner side of the injury reactivate their stem cell programs to produce de novo cells of the correct type to replace missing neighbors. The researchers termed this newly discovered process “restorative patterning”, involving “restorative cell division”.

The missing neighbor: Tissue gaps activate division of “healing cells” in adjacent tissue

With a UV laser, Marhava et al. removed individual cells or small cell groups in the root tip of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Live imaging via the innovative vertical stage microscope—developed in a previous project at IST Austria—allowed them to track the wound healing process in vivo. Restorative patterning could be observed in various specified tissue layers: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and in innermost pericycle cells encircling the vascular tissue. In all tissue layers, the restorative patterning started with the division of the inner adjacent cells in response to a damaged or missing neighbor cell. However, compared to regular proliferative divisions, the cell cycle of these “healing cells” happened significantly faster and included a shift of division planes by 90 degrees, allowing the cells to arrange perpendicular to the root axis (for the root to grow in length, root tip cells usually arrange parallel to the root axis).

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Time lapse of long-term imaging (24 hours) of an Arabidopsis root tip at the vertical stage confocal microscope in vivo with the crucial cell cycle gene CYCB1 stained green. The expression of CYCB1 indicates single division events (green flashes) of cells adjacent to the wounds (white patches). Experiments like this one revealed that the cell division rate during wound healing is significantly increased. © IST Austria/Lukas Hörmayer

Identity switch: Daughter cell of different type than mother cell

After cell division was complete, genetic marking showed that the resulting cell types matched those of the missing cells. For example, if a missing cortex cell was to be replaced by a newly generated daughter cell from an adjacent endodermis cell, this daughter cell acquired the new and “correct” cell type of a cortex cell. Thus, activated “healing cells” are able to divide asymmetrically, i.e. they generate daughter cells of a different type than the mother cell—a process that typically only occurs in the root’s stem cell niche, the region where stem cells emanate from.

The roots of curiosity: Next generation scientist is looking closely at plant growth processes

How a stem cell program—i.e. transcription factors and the corresponding genes guiding restorative cell division including the switch of the division plane orientation—in an already specialized cell is activated, remains unknown. However, for Lukas Hörmayer, this study is only the beginning—not only as this paper is his first publication during his PhD program at IST Austria: “We are convinced that in further studies, molecular genetics, among other methods, will reveal not only a broader understanding of the underlying mechanisms of plant wound healing, but also, how plants establish and maintain their body patterns.” Having grown up on a winery in Lower Austria, plants have always fascinated the young scientist: “This is a look far into the future, but the mere thought of what other discoveries beyond present knowledge my plant root research may bring about, drives my curiosity,” Hörmayer concludes.

Publication:

Petra Marhava, Lukas Hörmayer, Saiko Yoshida, Peter Marhavý, Eva Benková & Jiří Friml. 2019. Re-activation of stem cell pathways for pattern restoration in plant wound healing. Cell. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.015

Funding information:

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n° 742985, Marie Curie Fellowship (contract 753138) and from the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) Long-Term Fellowship.